ALI MUHTAROGLU - TECHNOLOGY

NOV 2023

Patient-Centered Design Method for Self-Powered and Cost-Optimized Health Monitors

IEEE Access, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3329935

Journal Paper Selected M. Sharone, A. Muhtaroglu

Patient-Centered Design Method for Self-Powered and Cost-Optimized Health Monitors

M. Sharone, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

The emergence of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) with health monitoring capabilities has revolutionized health care. Implementing fully independent WBAN nodes is important to the long-term viability of this initiative. Regularly recharged and depletable batteries remain a significant impediment in such systems. Energy harvesting (EH) from environmentally clean sources has thus been receiving increasing attention. Nevertheless, the autonomy and optimization of existing WBAN sensor nodes have remained questionable because methods that integrate realistic usage conditions into the design process have been lacking. A plausible method is proposed to establish a framework for designing a sustainable health monitoring node in this work. A Health Monitoring Energy System (HeMeS) tool prototype is consequently developed using comprehensive analytical models and utilized to demonstrate system design space exploration for various patient types, incorporating environmental factors, electronic load activity levels, and system cost/size constraints. It is concluded that the patient-centered system design approach incorporating interactions across transducers, electronics, sensors, user environment and data duty-cycling profiles, is viable, and is in fact appealing in safeguarding truly autonomous and cost-optimal WBANs that are compatible with climate-neutral society.

Keywords: Self-powered, cost effective, energy harvesting, health monitoring, system models

AUG 2022

Design of Efficient AI Accelerator Building Blocks in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)

IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, doi: 10.1109/JETCAS.2022.3202043

Journal Paper Selected A. Mamdouh, M. Mjema, G. Yemiscioglu, S. Kondo, A. Muhtaroglu

Design of Efficient AI Accelerator Building Blocks in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)

A. Mamdouh, M. Mjema, G. Yemiscioglu, S. Kondo, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

Digital circuit design technologies based on Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA) have many advantages over CMOS, such as higher intrinsic switching speed up to Terahertz, lower power consumption, smaller circuit footprint, and higher throughput due to compatibility of the inherent signal propagation scheme with pipelining. Hence, QCA is a perfect candidate to provide a circuit design framework for applications such as Artificial Intelligence (AI) accelerators, where real-time energy-efficient performance needs to be delivered at low cost. A novel QCA design approach based on optimal mix of Majority and NAND-NOR-INVERTER (NNI) gates with USE (Universal, Scalable, Efficient) clocking scheme, has been investigated in this work for latency and energy consumption improvements to fundamental building blocks in AI-accelerators, including multipliers, adders, accumulators and SRAMs. The common 4×4 Vedic multiplier has been redesigned using the proposed approach, and simulated to yield 62.8% reduction in cell count, 82.2% reduction in area, and 71.2% reduction in latency. 83% reduction in cell count, 94.5% reduction in area, and 94.6% reduction in latency was simulated for the proposed 8-bit PIPO register. The proposed SRAM cell design is estimated to have similar improvement figures to those achieved by the sub-blocks, such as the D-Latch, which has been simulated to exhibit 44.4% reduction in cell count, 50% reduction in both area and latency, and 73% reduction in energy dissipation. The contributions from this work can be directly applied to low cost, high throughput, energy efficient AI-accelerators that can potentially deliver orders of magnitude better energy-delay characteristics than their CMOS counterparts, and significantly better energy-delay characteristics than state-of-the-art QCA implementations.

Keywords: Quantum cellular automata, quantum-dots, nanotechnology, integrated circuits, AI accelerators, SRAM

JULY 2022

A Novel Multiplier Hardware Organization for Finite Fields defined by All-One Polynomials

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2022.3188567

Journal Paper Selected S. Mohaghegh, S. Kondo, G. Yemiscioglu, A. Muhtaroglu

A Novel Multiplier Hardware Organization for Finite Fields defined by All-One Polynomials

S. Mohaghegh, S. Kondo, G. Yemiscioglu, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

In this work, a novel, energy-efficient hardware organization for a finite-field multiplier based on irreducible all-one polynomials (AOPs) is proposed. The proposed AOP multiplier organization deploys three distinct submodules, which constitute a left-shifting network (reduction), an AND network (multiplication), and a three-input XOR tree (accumulation). Previously reported state-of-the-art implementation distributes these operations to systolic arrays, which are elegant in layout but do not yield the most efficient solution. The advantages of the proposed organization compared with those reported in the literature include reduced cost and power dissipation for a given clock frequency constraint (or increased clock frequency for a given power constraint) and the absence of bypassing problems due to fewer pipeline stages. Both the previously reported and the proposed organizations have been implemented in Verilog for three different binary-field sizes using the TSMC 90 nm standard cell library and have been synthesized for three distinct frequency targets using Cadence Genus Synthesis tool. The proposed organization achieves 18%, 31%, and 19% reduction in average leakage, dynamic capacitance, and area, respectively, compared with state-of-the-art schemes and thus can be considered for energy-effcient, compact portable systems, including wireless sensors.

Keywords: Finite-field multiplier, Synthesis, Low-power, Area-efficient, Irreducible all-one polynomials (AOPs), Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC)

AUG 2021

A Self-Powered and Area Efficient SSHI Rectifier for Piezoelectric Harvesters

IEEE Access, Vol. 9, pp. 117703-13

Journal Paper Selected S. Chamanian, B. Ciftci, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah

A Self-Powered and Area Efficient SSHI Rectifier for Piezoelectric Harvesters

S. Chamanian, B. Ciftci, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah Journal Paper

This article presents an area efficient fully autonomous piezoelectric energy harvesting system to scavenge energy from periodic vibrations. Extraction rectifier utilized in the system is based on synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) technique which enables system to outperform standard passive rectifiers. Compared to conventional SSHI circuits, enhanced SSHI (E-SSHI) system proposed in this paper uses a single low-profile external inductor in the range of μH’s to reduce overall system cost and volume, hence broadening application areas of such harvesting systems. Furthermore, E-SSHI does not include any negative voltage converter circuit and therefore, it offers area efficient AC/DC rectification. Detection of optimal voltage flipping times in E-SSHI technique is conducted autonomously without any external calibration. Energy transfer circuit provides control over how much energy is delivered from E-SSHI output to electronic load. The proposed system is fabricated in 180 nm CMOS process with 0.28 mm² active area. It is tested using a commercial piezoelectric transducer MIDE V22BL with periodic excitation. Measured results reveal that E-SSHI circuit is capable of extracting up to 5.23 and 4.02 times more power compared with an ideal full-bridge rectifier at 0.87 V and 2.6 V piezoelectric open circuit voltage amplitudes (V_OC,P), respectively. A maximum voltage flipping efficiency of 93% is observed at V_OC,P = 3.6 V, owing to minimized losses on charge flipping path. Measured results are compared with state-of-the-art interface circuits. Comparison shows that E-SSHI design offers a huge step towards miniaturized harvesting systems thanks to its low-profile and fully autonomous design.

Keywords: Autonomous, low-profile, piezoelectric energy harvester, SSHI, optimal charge flipping, area efficient, IC

FEB 2021

A Low-Profile Autonomous Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Micro-Power Generators

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 1458-71

Journal Paper Selected B. Ciftci, S. Chamanian, A. Koyuncuoglu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah

A Low-Profile Autonomous Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Micro-Power Generators

B. Ciftci, S. Chamanian, A. Koyuncuoglu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah Journal Paper

This paper presents a low-profile and autonomous piezoelectric energy harvesting system consisting of an extraction rectifier and a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) circuit for powering portable electronics. Synchronized switch harvesting on capacitor-inductor (SSHCI) technique with its unique two-step voltage flipping process is utilized to downsize the ponderous external inductor and extend application areas of such harvesting systems. SSHCI implementation with small flipping inductor-capacitor combination enhances voltage flipping efficiency and accordingly attains power extraction improvements over conventional synchronized switch harvesting on inductor (SSHI) circuits utilizing bulky external components. A novel MPPT system provides robustness of operation against changing load and excitation conditions. Innovation in MPPT comes from the refresh unit, which continually monitors excitation conditions of piezoelectric harvester to detect any change in optimum storage voltage. Compared with conventional circuits, optimal flipping detection inspired from active diode structures eliminates the need for external adjustment, delivering autonomy to SSHCI. Inductor sharing between SSHCI and MPPT reduces the number of external components. The circuit is fabricated in 180 nm CMOS technology with 1.23 mm 2 active area, and is tested with custom MEMS piezoelectric harvester at its resonance frequency of 415 Hz. It is capable of extracting 5.44x more power compared to ideal FBR, while using 100 μ H inductor. Due to reduction of losses through low power design techniques, measured power conversion efficiency of 83% is achieved at 3.2 V piezoelectric open circuit voltage amplitude. Boosting of power generation capacity in a low profile is a significant contribution of the design.

Keywords: Autonomous, low-profile, piezoelectric energy harvester, self-adapting, SSHCI, MPPT, IC

MAY 2020

Fully Integrated Autonomous Interface with Maximum Power Point Tracking for Energy Harvesting TEGs with High Power Capacity

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 4905-14

Journal Paper Selected H. Osouli, H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, A. Muhtaroglu

Fully Integrated Autonomous Interface with Maximum Power Point Tracking for Energy Harvesting TEGs with High Power Capacity

H. Osouli, H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

In this article, a novel fully autonomous and integrated power management interface circuit is introduced for energy harvesting using thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to supply power to Internet of Thing nodes. The circuit consists of a self-starting dc-dc converter based on a dual-phase charge pump with LC-tank oscillator, a digital MPPT unit, and a 1-V LDO regulator. The novel maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm avoids open-circuit state, and accommodates varying input power and ultra-low voltage conditions. Validation data from the fabricated test-chip in 180 nm standard CMOS technology indicates the circuit start-up voltage is as low as 170 mV. The maximum output power capacity is 0.5 mW, which is the highest noted in the literature for a fully integrated solution. The high output power at low cost is achieved with a peak system efficiency of 30%. The relatively low efficiency is expected, since the focus of the design is high power capacity at low cost. The MPPT algorithm reaches 98% maximum accuracy for a source output resistance of 40 Ω, which is typical for wearable TEG modules.

Keywords: Integrated LC-tank oscillator, low-voltage dc/dc conversion, maximum power point tracking (MPPT), self-powered charge-pump, thermoelectric energy harvesting, wearable sensors

JAN 2020

A Self-Adapting Synchronized-Switch Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 901-12

Journal Paper Selected S. Chamanian, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

A Self-Adapting Synchronized-Switch Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

S. Chamanian, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah Journal Paper

This paper presents a self-adapting synchronized-switch harvesting (SA-SSH) interface circuit to extract energy from vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvesters (PEHs). The implemented circuit utilizes a novel switching technique to recycle optimum amount of harvested charge on piezoelectric capacitance to strengthen the damping force, and simultaneously achieve load-independent energy extraction with a single inductor. Charge recycling is realized by adjusting extraction time, and optimized through a maximum power point tracker based on charge-flipping dissipation. The circuit has been implemented using 180 nm HV CMOS technology with 0.9 × 0.6 mm² active area. Self-adapting SSH circuit has been validated with both macro-scaled and MEMS PEHs with different inductor values. The interface circuit provides maximum energy extraction for the full storage voltage range of 1.8-3.7 V. The implementation harnesses have 500% more power compared to an ideal full-bridge rectifier, and output 3.4 μW for 2.24 V peak-to-peak open-circuit piezoelectric voltage from MEMS PEH excited at its resonant frequency.

Keywords: Maximum power point tracker (MPPT), piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH), self-adapting synchronized-switch harvesting (SA-SSH), self-adapting, vibration

SEP 2019

A Sub-500 µW Interface Electronics for Bionic Ears

IEEE Access, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 132140-132152

Journal Paper Selected H. Ulusan, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

A Sub-500 µW Interface Electronics for Bionic Ears

H. Ulusan, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah Journal Paper

This paper presents an ultra-low power current-mode circuit for a bionic ear interface. Piezoelectric (PZT) sensors at the system input transduce sound vibrations into multi-channel electrical signals, which are then processed by the proposed circuit to stimulate the auditory nerves consistently with the input amplitude level. The sensor outputs are first amplified and range-compressed through ultra-low power logarithmic amplifiers (LAs) into AC current waveforms, which are then rectified through custom current-mode circuits. The envelopes of the rectified signals are extracted, and are selectively sampled as reference for the stimulation current generator, armed with a 7-bit user-programmed DAC to enable patient fitting (calibration). Adjusted biphasic stimulation current is delivered to the nerves according to continuous inter-leaved sampling (CIS) stimulation strategy through a switch matrix. Each current pulse is optimized to have an exponentially decaying shape, which leads to reduced supply voltage, and hence ~20% lower stimulator power dissipation. The circuit has been designed and fabricated in 180nm high-voltage CMOS technology with up to 60 dB measured input dynamic range, and up to 1 mA average stimulation current. The 8-channel interface has been validated to be fully functional with 472μW power dissipation, which is the lowest value in the literature to date, when stimulated by a mimicked speech signal.

Keywords: Fully implantable cochlear implant, bionic ear, neural stimulation, ultra-low power, current-mode

JULY 2019

Fully Implantable Cochlear Implant Interface Electronics with 51.2-µW Front-End Circuit

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 1504-1512

Journal Paper H. Ulusan, S. Chamanian, B. İlik, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

Fully Implantable Cochlear Implant Interface Electronics with 51.2-µW Front-End Circuit

H. Ulusan, S. Chamanian, B. İlik, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah Journal Paper

This paper presents an ultralow power interface circuit for a fully implantable cochlear implant (FICI) system that stimulates the auditory nerves inside cochlea. The input sound is detected with a multifrequency piezoelectric (PZT) sensor array, is signal-processed through a front-end circuit module, and is delivered to the nerves through current stimulation in proportion to the sound level. The front-end unit reduces the power dissipation by combining amplification and compression of the sensor output through an ultralow power logarithmic amplifier. The amplified signal is envelope detected, and fed to a voltage-controlled current source as a reference for stimulation current generation. The single channel performance has been tested with a thin film pulsed-laser deposition (PLD) PZT sensor for sound levels between 60- and 100-dB sound pressure level (SPL). The proposed front-end signal conditioning unit, which can support different back-end stimulators, dissipates only 25.4 and 51.2 μW based on measurement, for 1- and 8-channel operation, respectively. This represents the lowest in the literature. The interface generates linear stimulation current of 110-430 μA for the given sound range. The single-channel and eight-channel stimulator consume 105 and 691 μW, respectively, for 110-μA biphasic stimulation current.

Keywords: Fully implantable cochlear implant (FICI), hearing loss, logarithmic amplifier (LA), neural stimulation, piezoelectric (PZT) sensor, ultralow power

MAR 2019

Power-Efficient Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Harnessing Ambient Vibrations

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol. 66, No. 7, pp. 2784-2793

Journal Paper S. Chamanian, B. Çiftci, H. Uluşan, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

Power-Efficient Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Harnessing Ambient Vibrations

S. Chamanian, B. Çiftci, H. Uluşan, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah Journal Paper

This paper presents an efficient hybrid energy harvesting interface to synergistically scavenge power from electromagnetic (EM) and piezoelectric (PE) sources, and drive a single load. The EM harvester output is rectified through a self-powered active doubler structure, and stored on a storage capacitor. The stored energy is then transferred to the PE harvester to increase the damping force and charge extraction. The total synergistically extracted power from both harvesters is more than the power obtained from each independently. The hybrid operation is validated through a compact and wearable platform that includes custom designed EM and PE harvesters for scavenging energy from human motion. The system supplies 1-3.4 V output for powering up wireless sensor nodes with a wide range of vibration frequency, and generates between 1-100 μW at 90% maximum power conversion efficiency. The solution has superior power generation performance compared to previous stand-alone systems in the literature.

Keywords: Self-powered, vibration, hybrid harvester, piezoelectric energy harvester, electromagnetic energy harvester, IC

MAR 2019

An Adaptable Interface Circuit with Multistage Energy Extraction for Low Power Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting MEMS

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 2739-2747

Journal Paper S. Chamanian, H. Ulusan, A. Koyuncuoglu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

An Adaptable Interface Circuit with Multistage Energy Extraction for Low Power Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting MEMS

S. Chamanian, H. Ulusan, A. Koyuncuoglu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah Journal Paper

This paper presents a self-powered interface circuit to extract energy from ambient vibrations for powering up microelectronic devices. The circuit interfaces a piezoelectric energy harvesting micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) device to scavenge acoustic energy. Synchronous electric charge extraction (SECE) technique is deployed through the implementation of a novel multistage energy extraction (MSEE) circuit in 180 nm HV CMOS technology to harvest and store energy. The circuit is optimized to operate with minimum power losses when input power is limited, and adapts well to operating conditions with higher input power. The highly accurate peak detector was validated for a wide piezoelectric frequency range from 20 Hz to 4 kHz. A charging efficiency of about 84% has been achieved for 4.75 V open-circuit piezoelectric voltage excited at 390 Hz input vibration under nominal input power range of 30-80 μW. Power optimizations enable the circuit to maintain a conversion efficiency of 47% at input power level as low as 3.12 μW. MSEE provides up to 15% efficiency improvement compared to traditional SECE, and maintains power efficiency as high as possible for a wide input power range.

Keywords: Interface circuit (IC), multistage energy extraction (MSEE), piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH), power efficiency, self powered, vibration

AUG 2018

Energy Scavenging Methods for WBAN Applications: A Review

IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 18, No. 16, pp. 6477-6488

Journal Paper S. M. Demir, F. Al-Turjman, A. Muhtaroglu

Energy Scavenging Methods for WBAN Applications: A Review

S. M. Demir, F. Al-Turjman, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

Recently, energy scavenging studies have become an important research area not only for the utilization of ambient energy sources but also for their high potential to replace the batteries especially for wireless body area networks (WBANs). Conventionally, batteries are used to provide energy to the WBANs. Amount of energy provided by batteries limits on-board features and communication range of the WBANs. Also, battery recharging or replacement is significantly impractical. Therefore, different energy scavenging interface circuits with different efficiencies have been proposed to overcome these limitations. This study focuses on energy scavengers and their potential utilization for low-power systems. Particularly, energy scavenging interface circuits for the WBANs are investigated in this paper.

Keywords: Energy scavenging, ambient energy sources, micro-scale energy harvesting, scavenging methods, Internet of Things, wireless body area networks

JAN 2018

A Triple Hybrid Micropower Generator with Simultaneous Multi-Mode Energy Harvesting

Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 27, No. 1

Journal Paper H. Ulusan, S. Chamanian, W. P. M. R. Pathirana, Ozge Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah

A Triple Hybrid Micropower Generator with Simultaneous Multi-Mode Energy Harvesting

H. Ulusan, S. Chamanian, W. P. M. R. Pathirana, Ozge Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah Journal Paper

This study presents a triple hybrid energy harvesting system that combines harvested power from thermoelectric (TE), vibration-based electromagnetic (EM) and piezoelectric (PZT) harvesters into a single DC supply. A power management circuit is designed and implemented in 180 nm standard CMOS technology based on the distinct requirements of each harvester, and is terminated with a Schottky diode to avoid reverse current flow. The system topology hence supports simultaneous power generation and delivery from low and high frequency vibrations as well as temperature differences in the environment. The ultra-low DC voltage harvested from TE generator is boosted with a cross-coupled charge-pump driven by an LC oscillator with fully-integrated center-tapped differential inductors. The EM harvester output was rectified with a self-powered and low drop-out AC/DC doubler circuit. The PZT interface electronics benefits from peak-to-peak cycle of the harvested voltage through a negative voltage converter followed by synchronous power extraction and DC-to-DC conversion through internal switches, and an external inductor. The hybrid system was tested with a wearable in-house EM energy harvester placed wrist of a jogger, a commercial low volume PZT harvester, and DC supply as the TE generator output. The system generates more than 1.2 V output for load resistances higher than 50 kΩ, which corresponds to 24 μW to power wearable sensors. Simultaneous multi-mode operation achieves higher voltage and power compared to stand-alone harvesting circuits, and generates up to 110 μW of output power. This is the first hybrid harvester circuit that simultaneously extracts energy from three independent sources, and delivers a single DC output.

Keywords: Energy harvesting, triple hybrid harvesting, vibration energy harvesting, thermoelectric energy harvesting, interface electronics for energy harvesting

JULY 2017

Highly Integrated 3 V Supply Electronics for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters with Minimum 0.4 V_peak Input

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 64, No. 7, pp. 5460-5467

Journal Paper H. Ulusan, Ozge Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah

Highly Integrated 3 V Supply Electronics for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters with Minimum 0.4 V_peak Input

H. Ulusan, Ozge Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah Journal Paper

This paper presents a self-powered interface enabling battery-like operation with a regulated 3 V output from ac signals as low as 0.4 Vpeak, generated by electromagnetic energy harvesters under low frequency vibrations. As the first stage of the 180 nm standard CMOS circuit, harvested signal is rectified through an ac/dc doubler with active diodes powered internally by a passive ac/dc quadrupler. The voltage is boosted in the second stage through a low voltage charge pump stimulated by an on-chip ring oscillator. The output is finally regulated to 3 V at the last stage. The voltage doubling rectification stage deviates by less than 40 mV from ideal expectation for the validated 0.15-1 V input voltage range. The full system delivers 3 V output to 4.4 MΩ load for input voltage of 0.4 V_peak, which is the lowest operable input voltage in the literature. The demonstrated system generates 9 μW of dc power with 3 V stable output for 32 μW input, whereas the circuit is able to supply even more output power for higher input power levels. The maximum efficiency of the rectification stage is 86%, while the full system efficiency is 37% and 28% for unregulated and regulated operation, respectively, when interfaced to an in-house electromagnetic energy harvester under 8 Hz 0.1 g vibration.

Keywords: Electromagnetic (EM) power generation, low voltage ac/dc conversion, self-powered rectifier, self-powered supply, vibration-based energy harvesting

APR 2017

Near-Optimal Design of Scalable Energy Harvester for Underwater Pipeline Monitoring Applications with Consideration of Impact to Pipeline Performance

IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 1981-1991

Journal Paper F. U. Qureshi, A. Muhtaroglu, K. Tuncay

Near-Optimal Design of Scalable Energy Harvester for Underwater Pipeline Monitoring Applications with Consideration of Impact to Pipeline Performance

F. U. Qureshi, A. Muhtaroglu, K. Tuncay Journal Paper

Underwater pipelines are often necessary to transport valuable resources between patches of land, and are expected to have increased utilization across the globe with the steep population increase on one hand, and unbalanced depletion of resources on the other. It is desirable to automate monitoring of various performance parameters associated with the pipelines through wireless sensor networks to ensure longevity of use and reduced running costs. However, such pipelines are not easily accessible, and are subject to harsh environments such as salt water and underwater currents. Therefore, an ideal node in this sort of network is embedded into the pipeline, and does not require batteries with regular replacement provisions. Using an energy harvester as the power source becomes a viable option. A method for near-optimal piezoelectric bimorph energy harvester module design is presented in this paper to enable a self-powered wireless sensor node for in-pipe monitoring using kinetic energy of water flow. A crude analytical model provides a starting point for the design, which is tuned through finite element modeling and simulation. Recently constructed Turkey-Cyprus water pipeline project is considered as a realistic application for determining boundary conditions. With an average water velocity of 1.4 m/s, the designed energy harvester is scalable to produce power between 820 μW (single) to 12.3 mW (15 in parallel) with a negligible impact of 1.5 mm additional head loss. The method developed to deliver a finely modeled, scalable harvester design with minimum quantified impact to pipe performance is first of its kind to our knowledge.

Keywords: Energy harvesting, piezoelectric harvesting, pipelines, underwater networks, wireless sensor networks

JAN 2017

Design optimization of a fully integrated charge-pump with LC tank oscillator for ultra-low voltage energy harvesting

Microelectronics Journal, Vol. 59, pp. 33-39

Journal Paper H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, A. Muhtaroglu

Design optimization of a fully integrated charge-pump with LC tank oscillator for ultra-low voltage energy harvesting

H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

Model based optimization of a novel integrated interface circuit topology is presented for low voltage DC-DC step-up conversion. A cross-coupled charge pump is implemented in standard 0.18 µm CMOS technology using an integrated LC tank oscillator to enable a compact, low cost, self-starting solution with maximum efficiency at ultra-low input voltage levels available from embedded micro-power generators. The voltage doubling oscillator can start up with input as low as 0.10 V. Full system can step 0.2 V up to 1.7 V to supply >400 μW to 6 kΩ load with 46.5% efficiency based on post-layout simulations. The minimum simulated input voltage is 0.11 V, which is boosted up to 1.0 V under open circuit conditions. The optimized system thorough the established model improves output power and efficiency more than 30% compared to the alternatives. The compact LC tank leads to 17% area reduction compared to the conventional VCO with four planar inductors.

Keywords: Low voltage DC-DCİntegrated step-upEnergy harvester interfaceMicro-power generatorLC oscillator

JAN 2017

Investigation of secondary cooling design enhancements in thermally limited compact notebooks

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 1574-1586

Journal Paper M. A. A. Khan, E. Uzgören, A. Muhtaroglu

Investigation of secondary cooling design enhancements in thermally limited compact notebooks

M. A. A. Khan, E. Uzgören, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

Thermal design enhancements in a thermally limited compact notebook system are investigated in this paper.System temperature, power, and fan speed are characterized under a range of activity levels. A nite element model isdeveloped, and validated against measurements. Design enhancements improve cooling with minimum intrusion to theexisting mechanical design. A passive secondary heat pipe in the system reduces the CPU temperature by 5◦C, andimproves the system performance through increased CPU + Graphics and Memory Controller Hub (GMCH) thermaldesign power (TDP) by 6.4%. When such a secondary heat pipe is considered with an integrated off-the-shelf Peltiercooler, the CPU temperature is only reduced by 2.3^◦C and CPU+GMCH TDP is improved only by 4.9%. AlthoughPeltier integration provides no bene t to thermals, it can be advantageous in generating small amount of thermoelectricpower in conditions when the system is not executing thermally limited applications. Calculations suggest that a 10%increase in Seebeck coefficient and consequently a 5.5% increase in coefficient of performance (COP) of off-the-shelfthermoelectric materials can increase the TDP envelop by 7.1% using the Peltier-integrated secondary heat pipe scheme.

Keywords: Thermal management, notebook systems, passive cooling, Peltier cooling

DEC 2016

An on-die ultra-low voltage DC–DC step-up converter with voltage doubling LC-tank

Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 26, No. 12

Journal Paper H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, W. P. M. R. Pathirana, A. Muhtaroglu

An on-die ultra-low voltage DC–DC step-up converter with voltage doubling LC-tank

H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, W. P. M. R. Pathirana, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

In this paper we report the design, characterization and verification of a novel on-die ultra-low voltage DC–DC converter circuit for energy harvester applications in 0.18 µm complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology. The circuit self-starts, does not use off-chip components, and is thus suitable for use in highly integrated low cost systems. The first version of the design has a five-stage charge-pump stimulated by an oscillator with two center-tap inductors. It is validated on a test chip that this converter can boost 0.25 V–1.7 V for a 60 kΩ load with 15.5% maximum efficiency. The center-tap implementation leads to a 38% area reduction compared to the conventional four planar inductors. The proposed second version of the DC–DC design has a modified LC-tank with center-tap and planar hybrid inductors, which leads to a simulated step up from 0.2 V input to 1.65 V output for a 45 kΩ load with 35% maximum efficiency. The new boost implementation is hence expected to improve both power efficiency and output power capacity significantly compared to the first design, at a cost of a 31% layout area growth. The second revision in addition provides a 15% chip area reduction compared to the conventional four planar-inductor approach.

Keywords: Charge pump, step-up converter, center-tap inductor, ultra-low voltage, LC-tank, on-die converter, DC–DC converter

JULY 2015

A Fully-Integrated and Battery-Free Interface for Low Voltage Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 30, No: 7, pp. 3712-3719

Journal Paper H. Ulusan, K. Gharehbaghi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah

A Fully-Integrated and Battery-Free Interface for Low Voltage Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters

H. Ulusan, K. Gharehbaghi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah Journal Paper

This paper presents a fully integrated and battery-free 90 nm interface circuit for ac/dc conversion and step up of low-voltage ac signals generated by electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesters. The circuit is composed of two stages: The rectifier in the first stage utilizes an improved ac/dc doubler structure with active diodes internally powered by a passive ac/dc doubler and custom-designed comparators to minimize the voltage drops. With this, the efficiency is enhanced to 67% while providing 0.61 V to 40 μA load. The second stage is a dc/dc converter utilizing a low-voltage charge pump with an on-chip ring oscillator for further voltage step up. The rectifier stage is functional down to 125 mV input peak voltage, and the full interface circuit can maintain more than 1 V dc at 1 MΩ load for input peak voltages higher than 0.4 V. The circuit delivers 2.48 V to a 4.4 MΩ load, when interfaced to an in-house EM harvester, operating under 10 Hz, 0.5 g vibration.

Keywords: Electromagnetic (EM) power generation, fully in-tegrated interface electronics, low-voltage ac/dc conversion, self-powered rectifier, vibration-based energy harvesting

FEB 2014

Empirical feasibility analysis of thermoelectric energy harvesting in thermally limited compact mobile computers

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 6, No. 1, doi: 10.1063/1.4865577

Journal Paper M. A. A. Khan, A. Muhtaroglu

Empirical feasibility analysis of thermoelectric energy harvesting in thermally limited compact mobile computers

M. A. A. Khan, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

Thermoelectric (TE) generation technology was experimentally established in previous research by our group as a viable technique for energy scavenging in a large notebook computer with no significant impact to system performance. The computer under investigation was designed to have additional thermal headroom, with Central Processing Unit (CPU) temperature significantly below its maximum limit under maximum workload conditions. Yet the question remained on if and how such scavenging could be done in small, thermally limited systems, which increasingly represent a larger portion of the contemporary microelectronic products. This paper thus empirically demonstrates the feasibility of thermoelectric energy scavenging in a compact mobile system, where CPU temperature readily reaches the maximum limit as the workload activity is increased. A detailed Finite Element model is presented first for what-if studies. The simulation results from the model are then correlated with the experimental thermal characterization data from a small notebook computer. “Hotspots” as well as the plausible locations for TE integration are identified in the system through the thermal simulations, and are validated by integrating the TE module to the target system. TE power generation density has been measured as 4.27 mW/cm³ under maximum workload conditions with no impact to system performance, as measured indirectly through cooling fan speed, CPU, and integrated graphics temperatures. For a well-characterized off-the-shelf TE component of size 6.05 mm × 6.05 mm × 2.09 mm, the maximum generated power was 410.5 μW, 3.5 times more than the corresponding value measured previously in the large notebook system under the same workload. Harvested power is expected to scale with the system workload activity, and the extension of the current solution to the similar opportunistic locations within the system.

NOV 2013

Multifaceted Feasibility Analysis of PV Solar Application in Northern Cyprus

International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, Vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 941-950

Journal Paper W. P. M. R. Pathirana, A. Muhtaroglu

Multifaceted Feasibility Analysis of PV Solar Application in Northern Cyprus

W. P. M. R. Pathirana, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

This paper first reviews the current state of Photovoltaic (PV) cell technology, and comparatively analyzes the cost of electricity generated from different PV technologies against electricity produced at the main thermal power plant in Northern Cyprus. The comparison has been done with and without externality costs, and thus incorporates sustainability principles. The analysis is extended to investigate suitable solar cell technologies for an on-campus PV farm at Middle East TechnicalUniversity Northern Cyprus Campus, with and without substantial storage support. The estimated economical break-even points of the PV system with battery storage as opposed to current fossil fuel based energy are approximately 15 and 17 years respectivelyfor mono-crystalline silicon (Si) and multi-crystalline Si technology. Assuming the produced electricity can be stored to the grid through bi-directional power delivery, the economical break-even point can be reduced to 6 to 7 years depending on utilized technology. The electricity generation cost of grid-tied PV system at university with multi-crystalline Si technology has already become competitive against that of the grid electricity in Northern Cyprus. Therefore PV electricity production can be expected to significantly contribute to electricity production in Northern Cyprus in near future based on the analysis in this paper.

Keywords: Renewable energy, photovoltaic technology, Northern Cyprus, PV feasibility.

MAR 2013

Feasibility Analysis and Proof of Concept for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting in Mobile Computers

Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, Vol. 5, No. 2

Journal Paper R. Denker, A. Muhtaroglu

Feasibility Analysis and Proof of Concept for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesting in Mobile Computers

R. Denker, A. Muhtaroglu Journal Paper

Thermoelectric (TE) energy harvesting in compact microelectronic systems necessitates detailed upfront analysis to ensure unacceptable performance degradation is avoided. TE integration into a notebook computer is empirically investigated in this work for energy harvesting. A detailed finite element model was constructed first for thermal simulations. The model outputs were then correlated with the thermal validation results of the selected system. In parallel, a commercial TE micro-module was empirically characterized to quantify maximum power generation opportunity from the combined system and component data set. Next, suitable “warm spots” were identified within the mobile computer model to extract TE power with minimum or no notable impact to system performance, as measured by simulated thermal changes in the system. The prediction was validated by integrating a TE micro-module to the mobile system under test. Measured TE power generation density in the vicinity of the heat pipe was 1.26 mW/cm³ using high CPU load. The generated power scales down with lower CPU activity, and will scale up in proportion to the utilized opportunistic space within the system. The technical feasibility of TE energy harvesting in mobile computers has hence been experimentally proven for the first time.

DEC 2012

An Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting System for Low Frequency Applications with a Passive Interface ASIC in Standard CMOS

Sensors & Actuators A, Vol. 188, pp. 158-166

Journal Paper A. Rahimi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

An Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting System for Low Frequency Applications with a Passive Interface ASIC in Standard CMOS

A. Rahimi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah Journal Paper

This paper presents a compact energy harvesting system, which consists of an electromagnetic (EM) generator converting ambient low frequency vibrations to DC voltage by using a highly efficient full-wave rectifier in a System-on-Package (SoP). Frequency Up-Conversion technique has been utilized by the in-house EM transducer to harvest energy from very low frequency vibrations (<5 Hz). The interface ASIC is a passive rectifier based on the boot-strap rectification (BSR) technique to decrease the effective threshold voltage of the utilized diodes, attaining a high AC/DC conversion efficiency in a standard 0.35 μm CMOS process. The energy harvesting system has been tested within a frequency range of 2–10 Hz. The autonomous system with a volume of 21 cm³, delivers 128 μW DC power to an 80 μA load at an external vibration frequency of 2 Hz and 72 mg peak acceleration while a 1.6 V DC voltage is generated. The maximum overall power density is measured as 6.1 μW/cm³. Furthermore, the reliable operation of a commercially available temperature sensor, as a realistic load, has also been demonstrated by using the energy harvester as a DC supply.

Keywords: Vibration-based energy harvesting, electromagnetic power generation, mechanical frequency up-conversion, AC/DC conversion, passive rectification

JUNE 2012

A Fully Self-Powered Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting System with Highly Efficient Dual Rail Output

IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 12, No. 6, pp. 2287-2298

Journal Paper A. Rahimi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

A Fully Self-Powered Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting System with Highly Efficient Dual Rail Output

A. Rahimi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah Journal Paper

This paper presents a fully integrated and battery-free 90 nm interface circuit for ac/dc conversion and step up of low-voltage ac signals generated by electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesters. The circuit is composed of two stages: The rectifier in the first stage utilizes an improved ac/dc doubler structure with active diodes internally powered by a passive ac/dc doubler and custom-designed comparators to minimize the voltage drops. With this, the efficiency is enhanced to 67% while providing 0.61 V to 40 μA load. The second stage is a dc/dc converter utilizing a low-voltage charge pump with an on-chip ring oscillator for further voltage step up. The rectifier stage is functional down to 125 mV input peak voltage, and the full interface circuit can maintain more than 1 V dc at 1 MΩ load for input peak voltages higher than 0.4 V. The circuit delivers 2.48 V to a 4.4 MΩ load, when interfaced to an in-house EM harvester, operating under 10 Hz, 0.5 g vibration.

Keywords: Electromagnetic (EM) power generation, fully in-tegrated interface electronics, low-voltage ac/dc conversion, self-powered rectifier, vibration-based energy harvesting.

MAR 2008

A Sustainable Power Architecture for Mobile Computing Systems

Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 178, No. 1, pp. 467-475

Journal Paper A. Muhtaroglu, A. Yokochi, A. von Jouanne

A Sustainable Power Architecture for Mobile Computing Systems

A. Muhtaroglu, A. Yokochi, A. von Jouanne Journal Paper

Extension of battery life and dissipation of heat from components with high power density are significant challenges in mobile computing platforms. A power architecture suitable for the integration of low voltage, low power renewables into the bus is described in this paper as an innovative, green approach to help both of these issues. The architecture is both scaleable and flexible in order to accommodate the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources. A new charge pump based boost scheme with fully asynchronous control is utilized as the enabling building block to meet the stringent power dissipation and efficiency requirements of this application. The resulting power electronics do not contain magnetic components and can be integrated into an LSI chip.

Keywords: Asynchronous control, charge pumps, mobile computing, renewable sources, sustainable power management

FEB 2008

Integration of Thermoelectrics and Photovoltaics as Auxiliary Power Sources in Mobile Computing Applications

Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 177, No. 1, pp. 239-246

Journal Paper A. Muhtaroglu, A. Yokochi, A. von Jouanne

Integration of Thermoelectrics and Photovoltaics as Auxiliary Power Sources in Mobile Computing Applications

A. Muhtaroglu, A. Yokochi, A. von Jouanne Journal Paper

The inclusion of renewable technologies as auxiliary power sources in mobile computing platforms can lead to improved performance such as the extension of battery life. This paper presents sustainable power management characteristics and performance enhancement opportunities in mobile computing systems resulting from the integration of thermoelectric generators and photovoltaic units. Thermoelectric generators are employed for scavenging waste heat from processors or other significant components in the computer's chipset while the integration of photovoltaic units is demonstrated for generating power from environmental illumination. A scalable and flexible power architecture is also verified to effectively integrate these renewable energy sources. This paper confirms that battery life extension can be achieved through the appropriate integration of renewable sources such as thermoelectric and photovoltaic devices.

Keywords: Renewable sources, thermoelectrics, photovoltaics, piezoelectrics, sustainable power management, battery life extension

SEP 2007

Hybrid Thermoelectric Conversion for Enhanced Efficiency in Mobile Platforms

Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 17, No. 9, pp. 1767-1772

Journal Paper A. Muhtaroglu, A. von Jouanne, A. Yokochi

Hybrid Thermoelectric Conversion for Enhanced Efficiency in Mobile Platforms

A. Muhtaroglu, A. von Jouanne, A. Yokochi Journal Paper

Hybrid thermoelectric conversion (HTC) has been used as a means to improve the efficiency of high performance mobile computing systems. HTC utilizes the thermal margin in the cooling solution, when the electronic component is not fully active, to integrate a thermoelectric (TE) module into the heat dissipation path for energy scavenging. When the component is driven to its junction temperature limit through a heavy workload, the same TE module is switched to refrigeration mode to provide additional cooling headroom for improved performance. A set of semi-realistic system usage assumptions and parameters has been utilized for the evaluation of HTC in system environments. Results from finite-element analysis (FEA) simulation of the topology and full TE characterization are presented. Common TE models are then used to build an iterative system solver to estimate up to 10% system efficiency benefit from HTC integration using characterized off-the-shelf TE components.

APR 2004

On-die droop detector for analog sensing of power supply noise

IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 39, No. 4, pp. 651-660

Journal Paper A. Muhtaroglu, G. Taylor, T. Rahal-Arabi

On-die droop detector for analog sensing of power supply noise

A. Muhtaroglu, G. Taylor, T. Rahal-Arabi Journal Paper

Understanding the supply fluctuations of various frequency harmonics is essential to maximizing microprocessor performance. Conventional methods used for analog validation of the power delivery system fall short in one or more of the following areas. 1) Measurement accuracy in both frequency and time domains, especially for very high-frequency noise caused by large di/dt events. The multigigahertz power supply noise attenuates very quickly away from the die. Conventional approaches of measuring the noise at the pins of the package or at the die using capacitive probes are not accurate for multigigahertz clocks. For this reason, the observability of high-frequency on-die noise has been very tricky. 2) Implementation (e.g., delivery) of analog references to multiple areas across a "noisy" die, compactness/modularity of the measurement units, restraining assumptions inherent in the measurement circuit such as periodicity of the supply noise event. 3) Automation to enable a timely volume of measurements. The efficiency of the measurements is key to correlating a particular speed path to poser supply noise. To address these issues, this paper presents an on-die droop detector (ODDD), a scalable IC solution implemented and validated on a 90-nm process, for analog sensing of differential high-bandwidth supply noise.

Keywords: Automated power delivery validation, detectors, power delivery validation, power distribution testing, powersystem harmonics, supply noise detection, voltage measurement.

MAY 2024

A Reduced Spiking Neural Network Architecture for Energy Efficient Context-Dependent Reinforcement Learning Tasks

Int. Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), SINGAPORE

Conferences Selected H. Rasheed, P. Mirtaheri, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2021

Design Space Exploration of a Fully Autonomous Health Monitoring WBAN Node with Hybrid Energy Harvesting

Int. Conf. on IEEE Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Exeter, UNITED KINGDOM

Conferences Selected M. Sharone, A. Muhtaroglu

NOV 2021

HeMeS: Autonomous Health Monitoring Energy System Tool for Design of Self-Sustained WBANs

Int. Conf. on Intelligent and Biomedical Sciences (ICIIBMS), Oita, JAPAN

Conferences Selected M. Sharone, A. Muhtaroglu

MAY 2020

Low-Power and Area-Efﬁcient Finite Field Multiplier Architecture Based on Irreducible All-One Polynomials

IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), Seville, SPAIN (VIRTUAL)

Conferences Selected S. Mohaghegh, G. Yemiscioglu, A. Muhtaroglu

SEP 2019

A New Generation of mm-Scale Harvesting Interface Circuits to Enable mW-Scale IoT

Energy Harvesting Society Meeting (EHS 2019), Falls Church, Virginia, USA

Conferences Invited Talk A. Muhtaroglu, H. O. Tabrizi, H. M. P. C. Jayaweera

JULY 2019

A Pulse-Width Modulated Cochlear Implant Interface Electronics with 513 µW Power Consumption

IEEE/ACM International Symposium on Low Power Electronics and Design (ISLPED), Lausanne, SWITZERLAND

Conferences Selected H. A. Yiğit, H. Uluşan, M. B. Yüksel, S. Chamanian, B. Çiftci, A. Koyuncuoğlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah

APR 2019

Low-Cost Fully Autonomous Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting Interface Circuit with up to 6.14x Power Capacity Gain

IEEE Custom Integrated Circuits Conference (CICC), Austin, Texas, USA

Conferences Selected B. Çiftci, S. Chamanian, H. Uluşan, H. A. Yiğit, A. Koyuncuoğlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Külah

DEC 2017

New Energy-Aware Evaluation Metric for Compression Circuits

Int. Conf. on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), Bursa, TURKEY

Conferences M. S. Rashid, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2017

Fully Integrated 98mV Start Up DC-DC Converter for Energy Harvesting in Batteryless IoT/Wearable Devices

Int. Conf. on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), Bursa, TURKEY

Conferences H. O. Tabrizi, H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2017

Fully Integrated Ultra-Low Voltage DC-DC Converter with Voltage Quadrupling LC Tank Oscillator for Energy Harvesting Applications

Int. Conf. on Electrical and Electronics Engineering (ELECO), Bursa, TURKEY

Conferences H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, H. O. Tabrizi, A. Muhtaroglu

NOV 2017

A Fully Integrated Autonomous Power Management System with High Power Capacity and Novel MPPT for Thermoelectric Energy Harvesters in IoT/Wearable Applications

Int. Conf. on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Kanazawa, JAPAN

Conferences H. O. Tabrizi, H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, A. Muhtaroglu

OCT 2017

A Novel Multiplier Design for Data Rendering

IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems (BioCAS), Turin, ITALY

Conferences M. S. Rashid, A. Muhtaroglu

OCT 2017

Neural Stimulation Interface with Ultra-Low Power Signal Conditioning Circuit for Fully-Implantable Cochlear Implants

IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems (BioCAS), Turin, ITALY

Conferences H. Ulusan, S. Chamanian, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

OCT 2017

An Adaptable Interface Circuit for Low Power MEMS Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters with Multi-Stage Energy Extraction

IEEE Biomedical Circuits and Systems (BioCAS), Turin, ITALY

Conferences S. Chamanian, H. Ulusan, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

SEP 2017

Power Delay Product Optimized Hybrid Full Adder Circuits

International Artificial Intelligence and Data Processing (IDAP) Symposium, Malatya, TURKEY

Conferences M. S. Rashid, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2016

Triple Hybrid Energy Harvesting Interface Electronics

Int. Conf. on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Paris, FRANCE

Conferences H. Ulusan, S. Chamanian, W. M. P. R. Pathirana, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2016

Model Based Optimization of Integrated Low Voltage DC-DC Converter for Energy Harvesting Applications

Int. Conf. on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Paris, FRANCE

Conferences H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, A. Muhtaroglu

AUG 2016

Sensitivity analysis to design a near-optimal piezoelectric energy harvester to power wireless sensor nodes for underwater pipeline monitoring applications

European Conference on Renewable Energy Systems (ECRES), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences F. U. Qureshi, A. Muhtaroglu, K. Tuncay

AUG 2016

Comparative analysis between d-shaped and i-shaped bluff body for piezoelectric energy harvesting to power wireless sensor nodes for underwater pipeline monitoring applications

European Conference on Renewable Energy Systems (ECRES), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences F. U. Qureshi, A. Muhtaroglu, K. Tuncay

DEC 2015

A Self-Powered Hybrid Energy Scavenging System Utilizing RF and Vibration Based Electomagnetic Harvesters

Int. Conf. on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Conferences H. Ulusan, K. Gharehbaghi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2015

Fully Integrated Ultra-Low Voltage Step-Up Converter with Voltage Doubling LC-Tank for Energy Harvesting Applications

Int. Conf. on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Boston, Massachusetts, USA

Conferences H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, W. P. M. R. Pathirana, A. Muhtaroglu

SEP 2015

Pushing the performance envelop through secondary design enhancements in thermally limited compact notebooks

Int. Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC), Paris, FRANCE

Conferences M. A. A. Khan, E. Uzgoren, A. Muhtaroglu

MAR 2015

Power-delay analysis of an ABACUS parallel integer multiplier VLSI implementation

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences Best Student Paper Award F. Ercan, A. Muhtaroglu

MAR 2015

Stage optimization in regulated step-up for low voltage electromagnetic energy harvesters

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences H. Ulusan, O. Zorlu, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

MAR 2015

Low input voltage and high-step-up integrated regulator for thermoelectric energy harvesting

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences W. P. M. R. Pathirana, H. M. P. C. Jayaweera, A. Muhtaroglu

MAR 2015

Comparative power-delay performance analysis of threshold logic technologies

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences F. Ercan, A. Muhtaroglu

MAR 2015

An adaptive piezoelectric energy harvesting interface circuit with a novel peak detector

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences S. Chamanian, O. Zorlu, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

MAR 2015

A method to integrate energy harvesters into wireless sensor nodes for embedded in-pipe monitoring applications

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences F. U. Qureshi, A. Muhtaroglu, K. Tuncay

NOV 2014

A Self-powered and Efficient Rectifier for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters

IEEE Sensors, Valencia, SPAIN

Conferences H. Ulusan, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2013

Thermoelectric energy scavenging and performance improvement in thermally constrained mobile computers

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences M. A. A. Khan, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2013

Energy-delay performance of capacitive threshold logic (CTL) circuits for threshold detection

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences F. Ercan, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2013

A self-powered integrated interface circuit for low power piezoelectric energy harvesters

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences S. Chamanian, O. Zorlu, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2013

A 180nm self-powered rectifier circuit for electromagnetic energy harvesters

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences H. Ulusan, O. Zorlu, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

SEP 2013

Empirical Feasibility Assessment of Energy Scavenging Opportunity in Compact Mobile Computers

Int. Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC), Berlin, GERMANY

Conferences M. A. A. Khan, A. Muhtaroglu

SEP 2013

Low Voltage Fully Integrated DC-DC Converter for Self-Powered Temperature Sensors

Int. Workshop on Thermal Investigations of ICs and Systems (THERMINIC), Berlin, GERMANY

Conferences W. P. M. R. Pathirana, A. Muhtaroglu

JUNE 2013

An Efficient Integrated Interface Electronics for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting from Low Voltage Sources

Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators (TRANSDUCERS), Barcelona, SPAIN

Conferences H. Ulusan, K. Gharehbaghi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

APR 2013

Micro-Power Generation for Autonomous Systems

Saudi International Electronics, Communications and Photonics Conference (SIECPC), Riyadh, SAUDI ARABIA

Conferences Invited Talk A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

JAN 2013

An Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for Low Frequency and Low-G Vibrations with a Modified Frequency Up Conversion Method

IEEE Int. Conf. on Micro Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS), Taipei, TAIWAN

Conferences O. Zorlu, S. Turkyilmaz, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2012

Low Voltage DC-DC Conversion without Magnetic Components for Energy Harvesting

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Guzelyurt, NORTHERN CYPRUS

Conferences W. P. M. R. Pathirana, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2012

Empirical Proof of Concept for TE Generation in Mobile Computers

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Guzelyurt, NORTHERN CYPRUS

Conferences Best Student Paper Award R. Denker, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2012

A Self-Powered Rectifier Circuit for Low-Voltage Energy Harvesting Applications

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Guzelyurt, NORTHERN CYPRUS

Conferences H. Ulusan, K. Gharehbaghi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2012

A Fully Integrated Power Management Circuit for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesting Applications

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Guzelyurt, NORTHERN CYPRUS

Conferences K. Gharehbaghi, H. Ulusan, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2012

PETAM: Power Estimation Tool for Array Multipliers

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Guzelyurt, NORTHERN CYPRUS

Conferences D. Gurdur, A. Muhtaroglu

JULY 2012

PV Solar Technology Status and Feasibility in Northern Cyprus

Global Conference on Global Warming (GCGW), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences W. P. M. R. Pathirana, A. Muhtaroglu

JULY 2012

Coal as a Component of Sustainable Energy Portfolio

Global Conference on Global Warming (GCGW), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences M. A. A. Khan, A. Muhtaroglu

JUNE 2012

Finite Element Modeling of MEMS Piezoelectric Energy Harvester

Nanotech Modeling and Simulation of Microsystems (NSTI-Nanotech), Santa Clara, California, USA

Conferences L. Beker, A. Muhtaroglu, H. N. Ozguven, H. Kulah

MAR 2012

A Novel Method for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting from Keyboard

SPIE Smart Structures/NDE Symposium, San Diego, California, USA

Conferences L. Beker, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2011

A Cr-Ni Thermoelectric MEMS Energy Harvester for Low Profile Applications

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences E. T. Topal, O. Zorlu, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2011

Hybrid Energy Harvesting from Keyboard

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences L. Beker, O. Zorlu, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2011

Empirically Based Methodology for Thermoelectric Generation in Notebook Systems

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences R. Denker, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2011

Improved Second Generation Electromagnetic MEMS Energy Scavenger

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences S. Turkyilmaz, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2011

Piezoelectric Cantilever Prototype for Energy Harvesting in Computing Applications

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences L. Beker, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

NOV 2011

Quantification of Thermoelectric Energy Scavenging Opportunity for Microelectronic System Integration

Int. Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Seoul, KOREA

Conferences R. Denker, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

SEP 2011

A Compact Electromagnetic Vibration Harvesting System with High Performance Interface Electronics

EUROSENSORS, Athens, GREECE

Conferences A. Rahimi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

SEP 2011

An Electromagnetic Micro-Power Generator for Low Frequency Vibrations with Tunable Resonance

EUROSENSORS, Athens, GREECE

Conferences S. Turkyılmaz, O. Zorlu, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

SEP 2011

Feasibility of Solar Based Technology Use in Nigeria

Int. Conf. on Sustainable Energy Technologies (SET), Istanbul, TURKEY

Conferences M. Bamgbopa, A. Muhtaroglu

JUNE 2011

A Vibration-Based Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters System with Highly Efficient Interface Electronics

Int. Conf. on Solid-State Sensors and Actuators (TRANSDUCERS), Beijing, CHINA

Conferences A. Rahimi, O. Zorlu, A. Muhtaroglu, H. Kulah

DEC 2010

ABACUS: A Novel Array Multiplier-Accumulator Architecture for Low Energy Applications

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2010

Interface Circuit Prototype for a Frequency Up-Conversion-Based Electromagnetic Energy Harvester

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences A. Rahimi, O. Zorlu, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2010

Thin Film Thermoelectric Harvesters for MEMS Micro-Power Generation

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences E. T. Topal, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2010

A Development Tool for Design and Analysis of MEMS Based EM Energy Scavengers

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences S. Turkyilmaz, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2010

Design and Prototyping of Second Generation METU MEMS Electromagnetic Micro-Power Generators

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences S. Turkyilmaz, H. Kulah, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2010

Green PG: A Low Cost, Modular, Pedal-Powered 5-20 V Parallel DC Source for Mobile Computing Applications

Int. Conf. on Energy Aware Computing (ICEAC), Cairo, EGYPT

Conferences Undergraduate Paper R. Kale, A. Muhtaroglu

DEC 2010

A Novel Digital MPPT Control Architecture for Renewable System Integration

IEEE Int. Conf. on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET), Kandy, SRI LANKA

Conferences A. Muhtaroglu

SEP 2010

Energy Efficiency Legislation in Turkey and the Role of the Universities

Int. Conf. on Clean Energy (ICCE), Famagusta, NORTHERN CYPRUS

Conferences M. Sönmez, A. Muhtaroglu, K. Tuncay

DEC 2009

A Simple Self-Timed Implementation of a Priority Queue for Dictionary Search Problems

IEEE Int. Conf. on Adaptive Science and Technology (ICAST), Accra, GHANA

Conferences Undergraduate Paper Ö. B. Sezer, A. Muhtaroglu

NOV 2008

A Subsequence Alignment Implementation using Superscalar Cellular Automaton Processor System

Intl Symposium on Electrical and Computer Systems, Gemikonagi, Lefke, NORTHERN CYPRUS

Conferences A. Muhtaroglu

NOV 2007

Ring Oscillator Controlled Asynchronous Charge-Pump for Low Power Renewable Applications in Computing Platforms

Int. Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Freiburg, GERMANY

Conferences A. Muhtaroglu, A. von Jouanne, A. Yokochi

MAY 2007

Designing for Energy Efficient Mobile Platforms

IEEE Workshop on Signal Propagation on Interconnects, Ruta di Camogli, ITALY

Conferences Keynote Speech T. Rahal-Arabi, A. Muhtaroglu, G. Taylor

FEB 2007

Sustainable Power Management for Mobile Computing

IEEE Applied Power Electronics Conference (APEC), Anaheim, California, USA

Conferences A. Muhtaroglu, A. von Jouanne

NOV 2006

Hybrid Thermoelectric Conversion for Enhanced Efficiency in Mobile Computing Platforms

Int. Workshop on Micro and Nanotechnology for Power Generation and Energy Conversion Applications (PowerMEMS), Berkeley, California, USA

Conferences A. Muhtaroglu, A. von Jouanne

OCT 2006

Designing for Low Power

IEEE Electrical Performance of Electronic Packaging (EPEP), Scottsdale, Arizona, USA

Conferences T. Rahal-Arabi, A. Muhtaroglu, G. Taylor

MAY 2006

Designing for Power, a 65nm Lead Microprocessor Example

IEEE Workshop on Signal Propagation on Interconnects, Berlin, GERMANY

Conferences T. Rahal-Arabi, A. Muhtaroglu, G. Taylor

OCT 2004

I/O self-leakage test

IEEE Int. Conf. on Test, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

Conferences A. Muhtaroglu, B. Provost, T. Rahal-Arabi, G. Taylor

OCT 2004

AC IO loopback design for high speed microprocessor IO test

IEEE Int. Conf. on Test, Charlotte, North Carolina, USA

Conferences B. Provost, T. Huang, C.H. Lim, K. Tian, M. Bashir, M. Atha, A. Muhtaroglu, C. Zhao, H. Muljono

JUNE 2004

Development and validation of an electromagnetic distributed power grid model for the 90nm Pentium 4 processor

IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Honolulu, Hawai, USA

Conferences T. Rahal-Arabi, G. Ji, M. Ma, A. Muhtaroglu, G. Taylor

JUNE 2003

On-die droop detector for analog sensing of power supply noise

IEEE Symposium on VLSI Circuits, Kyoto, JAPAN

Conferences A. Muhtaroglu, G. Taylor, T. Rahal-Arabi, K. Callahan

MAR 2017

“Micro-Scale Energy Harvesting for Batteryless Information Technologies (Chapter 3)” in N. Bizon, N. M. Tabatabaei, F. Blaabjerg, E. Kurt (Eds.), “Energy Harvesting and Energy Efficiency: Technology, Methods, and Applications (Lecture Notes in Energy)”

Springer, ISBN: 978-3319498744

Book Chapters A. Muhtaroglu

SEP 2013

“Coal as a Component of Sustainable Energy Portfolio (Chapter 53)” in I. Dincer, C. O. Colpan, F. Kadioglu (Eds.), “Causes, Impacts and Solutions to Global Warming”

Springer, ISBN: 978-1461475873

Book Chapters M. A. A. Khan, A. Muhtaroglu

JUNE 2012

“Power Management and Energy Scavenging (Chapter 14)” in N. Kaabouch, & W. C. Hu (Eds.), “Energy-Aware Systems and Networking for Sustainable Initiatives”

IGI Global, ISBN: 978-1466618428

Book Chapters A. Muhtaroglu

JULY 2008

Sustainable Power Management of Microelectronic Systems – Computing in a Greener World

VDM, ISBN: 978-3639439748

Book A. Muhtaroglu

ABOUT

BIO

ABOUT ME

HOBBIES

INTERESTS

EXPERIENCE

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING - PHD

OREGON STATE UNIVERSITY

ELECTRICAL & COMPUTER ENGINEERING - MS

CORNELL UNIVERSITY

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - BS

UNIVERSITY OF ROCHESTER

PROFESSOR of ELECTRICAL and ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

MIDDLE EAST TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, Northern Cyprus Campus

SENIOR STAFF MOBILE PLATFORMS ENGINEER (R&D)

INTEL CORPORATION

MICROPROCESSOR DESIGN ENGINEER (R&D)

INTEL CORPORATION

IEEE SENSORS COUNCIL

RECOGNITION FOR MOST DOWNLOADED PAPERS

INTEL ACHIEVEMENT AWARD (2006), DIVISIONAL RECOGNITION AWARDS

COMPETITIVE AWARD FOR INDUSTRY EXCELLENCE

PUBLICATIONS

Patient-Centered Design Method for Self-Powered and Cost-Optimized Health Monitors

IEEE Access, doi: 10.1109/ACCESS.2023.3329935

Patient-Centered Design Method for Self-Powered and Cost-Optimized Health Monitors

Design of Efficient AI Accelerator Building Blocks in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)

IEEE Journal on Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems, doi: 10.1109/JETCAS.2022.3202043

Design of Efficient AI Accelerator Building Blocks in Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata (QCA)

A Novel Multiplier Hardware Organization for Finite Fields defined by All-One Polynomials

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II: Express Briefs, doi: 10.1109/TCSII.2022.3188567

A Novel Multiplier Hardware Organization for Finite Fields defined by All-One Polynomials

A Self-Powered and Area Efficient SSHI Rectifier for Piezoelectric Harvesters

IEEE Access, Vol. 9, pp. 117703-13

A Self-Powered and Area Efficient SSHI Rectifier for Piezoelectric Harvesters

A Low-Profile Autonomous Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Micro-Power Generators

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol. 68, No. 4, pp. 1458-71

A Low-Profile Autonomous Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Micro-Power Generators

Fully Integrated Autonomous Interface with Maximum Power Point Tracking for Energy Harvesting TEGs with High Power Capacity

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 55, No. 5, pp. 4905-14

Fully Integrated Autonomous Interface with Maximum Power Point Tracking for Energy Harvesting TEGs with High Power Capacity

A Self-Adapting Synchronized-Switch Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 35, No. 1, pp. 901-12

A Self-Adapting Synchronized-Switch Interface Circuit for Piezoelectric Energy Harvesters

A Sub-500 µW Interface Electronics for Bionic Ears

IEEE Access, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 132140-132152

A Sub-500 µW Interface Electronics for Bionic Ears

Fully Implantable Cochlear Implant Interface Electronics with 51.2-µW Front-End Circuit

IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, Vol. 27, No. 7, pp. 1504-1512

Fully Implantable Cochlear Implant Interface Electronics with 51.2-µW Front-End Circuit

Power-Efficient Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Harnessing Ambient Vibrations

IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers, Vol. 66, No. 7, pp. 2784-2793

Power-Efficient Hybrid Energy Harvesting System for Harnessing Ambient Vibrations

An Adaptable Interface Circuit with Multistage Energy Extraction for Low Power Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting MEMS

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 34, No. 3, pp. 2739-2747

An Adaptable Interface Circuit with Multistage Energy Extraction for Low Power Piezoelectric Energy Harvesting MEMS

Energy Scavenging Methods for WBAN Applications: A Review

IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 18, No. 16, pp. 6477-6488

Energy Scavenging Methods for WBAN Applications: A Review

A Triple Hybrid Micropower Generator with Simultaneous Multi-Mode Energy Harvesting

Smart Materials and Structures, Vol. 27, No. 1

A Triple Hybrid Micropower Generator with Simultaneous Multi-Mode Energy Harvesting

Highly Integrated 3 V Supply Electronics for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters with Minimum 0.4 Vpeak Input

IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics, Vol. 64, No. 7, pp. 5460-5467

Highly Integrated 3 V Supply Electronics for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters with Minimum 0.4 Vpeak Input

Near-Optimal Design of Scalable Energy Harvester for Underwater Pipeline Monitoring Applications with Consideration of Impact to Pipeline Performance

IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol. 17, No. 7, pp. 1981-1991

Near-Optimal Design of Scalable Energy Harvester for Underwater Pipeline Monitoring Applications with Consideration of Impact to Pipeline Performance

Design optimization of a fully integrated charge-pump with LC tank oscillator for ultra-low voltage energy harvesting

Microelectronics Journal, Vol. 59, pp. 33-39

Design optimization of a fully integrated charge-pump with LC tank oscillator for ultra-low voltage energy harvesting

Investigation of secondary cooling design enhancements in thermally limited compact notebooks

Turkish Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 1574-1586

Investigation of secondary cooling design enhancements in thermally limited compact notebooks

An on-die ultra-low voltage DC–DC step-up converter with voltage doubling LC-tank

Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, Vol. 26, No. 12

An on-die ultra-low voltage DC–DC step-up converter with voltage doubling LC-tank

A Fully-Integrated and Battery-Free Interface for Low Voltage Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters

IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics, Vol. 30, No: 7, pp. 3712-3719

A Fully-Integrated and Battery-Free Interface for Low Voltage Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters

Highly Integrated 3 V Supply Electronics for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters with Minimum 0.4 V_peak Input

Highly Integrated 3 V Supply Electronics for Electromagnetic Energy Harvesters with Minimum 0.4 V_peak Input